![]() ![]() Some studies sought to compare involuntary cognitions between clinical and non-clinical populations, whereas others assessed their occurrence in everyday life. Several theorists and researchers have sought to describe and explore features of different forms of involuntary cognitions. Icq search and recovery complaints free#In this study, we aimed to explore involuntary cognitions in everyday life using a bottom-up approach that is free from the restrictions of any theoretical framework or an a priori restrictive focus on any one subtype of involuntary cognition. ![]() These interests in involuntary processes across the clinical and cognitive psychology literatures have resulted in numerous scientific publications on specific forms of involuntary cognitions i.e., thoughts, memories, or images that come into awareness in the absence of an intention of conjuring them. In cognitive psychology, a growing body of research has investigated the occurrence of involuntary memories experienced in everyday life by individuals in the general population. Within the domain of psychopathology there has been a marked interest in involuntary phenomena such as psychotic hallucinations, obsessions, and traumatic flashbacks. For example, Sigmund Freud inspired an interest in subconscious processes that operate outside of our volition. The field of psychology is characterized by a historical interest in the ways of the mind that appear to operate beyond voluntary control. ![]() Moreover, the specific subtype of involuntary cognition appears to be less important than its valence or content, at least to the subjective experience of the individual. Overall, the findings suggest that people experience a wide variety of subtypes of involuntary cognitions in everyday life. Negative (but not positive) self-descriptions were associated with negative involuntary cognitions and psychopathology, suggesting a link between involuntary cognitions and the self. Memories and non-memories were strikingly similar in their subjective experience of content and emotionality. Non-memories included daydreams, imaginary worst case scenarios, imaginary future events, hypothetical reconstructions, and ruminations. About two-thirds of the cognitions that participants reported were memories. ![]() Content analyses showed that involuntary cognitions were common, predominantly visual in nature, emotional, often about social relationships, and often related to a hypothetical function of emotional processing. In addition, participants provided self-descriptions and completed measures of psychopathology. Seventy unselected undergraduate student participants were administered a questionnaire that assessed the presence of any involuntary cognitions in the past month, their quality, type, content, and potential function. In this exploratory study, we aimed to assess involuntary cognitions in everyday life without a pre-determined focus on any specific subtype of cognition. However, by focusing on a predefined type of cognition, other subtypes of cognition that may co-occur can be missed. Such studies have resulted in a wealth of knowledge about these specific cognitions. Psychological research into spontaneous or intrusive cognitions has typically focused on cognitions in one predefined domain, such as obsessional thoughts in OCD, intrusive memories in posttraumatic stress disorder and depression, or involuntary autobiographical memories and daydreaming in everyday life.
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